Appendix C: EVM Opcodes
This appendix provides a reference of all EVM opcodes, their gas costs, and descriptions.
Opcode Categories
Stop and Arithmetic (0x00 - 0x0F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description STOP 0x00 0 0 → 0 Halts execution ADD 0x01 3 2 → 1 Addition MUL 0x02 5 2 → 1 Multiplication SUB 0x03 3 2 → 1 Subtraction DIV 0x04 5 2 → 1 Integer division SDIV 0x05 5 2 → 1 Signed integer division MOD 0x06 5 2 → 1 Modulo operation SMOD 0x07 5 2 → 1 Signed modulo ADDMOD 0x08 8 3 → 1 Modular addition MULMOD 0x09 8 3 → 1 Modular multiplication EXP 0x0A 10* 2 → 1 Exponentiation SIGNEXTEND 0x0B 5 2 → 1 Sign extend
*EXP cost: 10 + 50 × (byte size of exponent)
Comparison & Bitwise (0x10 - 0x1F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description LT 0x10 3 2 → 1 Less than GT 0x11 3 2 → 1 Greater than SLT 0x12 3 2 → 1 Signed less than SGT 0x13 3 2 → 1 Signed greater than EQ 0x14 3 2 → 1 Equality ISZERO 0x15 3 1 → 1 Is zero AND 0x16 3 2 → 1 Bitwise AND OR 0x17 3 2 → 1 Bitwise OR XOR 0x18 3 2 → 1 Bitwise XOR NOT 0x19 3 1 → 1 Bitwise NOT BYTE 0x1A 3 2 → 1 Retrieve single byte SHL 0x1B 3 2 → 1 Shift left SHR 0x1C 3 2 → 1 Shift right SAR 0x1D 3 2 → 1 Arithmetic shift right
Keccak (0x20)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description KECCAK256 0x20 30* 2 → 1 Keccak-256 hash
*Plus 6 gas per word of data
Environmental (0x30 - 0x3F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description ADDRESS 0x30 2 0 → 1 Current contract address BALANCE 0x31 100* 1 → 1 Balance of address ORIGIN 0x32 2 0 → 1 Transaction origin CALLER 0x33 2 0 → 1 Message caller CALLVALUE 0x34 2 0 → 1 Message value (wei) CALLDATALOAD 0x35 3 1 → 1 Load calldata word CALLDATASIZE 0x36 2 0 → 1 Calldata size CALLDATACOPY 0x37 3* 3 → 0 Copy calldata to memory CODESIZE 0x38 2 0 → 1 Code size CODECOPY 0x39 3* 3 → 0 Copy code to memory GASPRICE 0x3A 2 0 → 1 Transaction gas price EXTCODESIZE 0x3B 100* 1 → 1 External code size EXTCODECOPY 0x3C 100* 4 → 0 Copy external code RETURNDATASIZE 0x3D 2 0 → 1 Return data size RETURNDATACOPY 0x3E 3* 3 → 0 Copy return data EXTCODEHASH 0x3F 100* 1 → 1 External code hash
*Cold/warm access costs apply (EIP-2929)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description BLOCKHASH 0x40 20 1 → 1 Hash of recent block COINBASE 0x41 2 0 → 1 Block producer address TIMESTAMP 0x42 2 0 → 1 Block timestamp NUMBER 0x43 2 0 → 1 Block number PREVRANDAO 0x44 2 0 → 1 PoS random / PoW difficulty GASLIMIT 0x45 2 0 → 1 Block gas limit CHAINID 0x46 2 0 → 1 Chain ID SELFBALANCE 0x47 5 0 → 1 Contract balance BASEFEE 0x48 2 0 → 1 Block base fee
Stack, Memory, Storage (0x50 - 0x5F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description POP 0x50 2 1 → 0 Remove top item MLOAD 0x51 3* 1 → 1 Load from memory MSTORE 0x52 3* 2 → 0 Store to memory MSTORE8 0x53 3* 2 → 0 Store byte to memory SLOAD 0x54 100* 1 → 1 Load from storage SSTORE 0x55 ** 2 → 0 Store to storage JUMP 0x56 8 1 → 0 Jump to position JUMPI 0x57 10 2 → 0 Conditional jump PC 0x58 2 0 → 1 Program counter MSIZE 0x59 2 0 → 1 Memory size GAS 0x5A 2 0 → 1 Remaining gas JUMPDEST 0x5B 1 0 → 0 Valid jump destination
*Memory expansion costs apply
**SSTORE: 20,000 (new) / 5,000 (update) / 100 (warm)
Push Operations (0x60 - 0x7F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description PUSH1 0x60 3 0 → 1 Push 1 byte PUSH2 0x61 3 0 → 1 Push 2 bytes ... ... ... ... ... PUSH32 0x7F 3 0 → 1 Push 32 bytes
Duplication (0x80 - 0x8F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description DUP1 0x80 3 1 → 2 Duplicate 1st item DUP2 0x81 3 2 → 3 Duplicate 2nd item ... ... ... ... ... DUP16 0x8F 3 16 → 17 Duplicate 16th item
Exchange (0x90 - 0x9F)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description SWAP1 0x90 3 2 → 2 Swap 1st and 2nd SWAP2 0x91 3 3 → 3 Swap 1st and 3rd ... ... ... ... ... SWAP16 0x9F 3 17 → 17 Swap 1st and 17th
Logging (0xA0 - 0xA4)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description LOG0 0xA0 375* 2 → 0 Log with 0 topics LOG1 0xA1 750* 3 → 0 Log with 1 topic LOG2 0xA2 1125* 4 → 0 Log with 2 topics LOG3 0xA3 1500* 5 → 0 Log with 3 topics LOG4 0xA4 1875* 6 → 0 Log with 4 topics
*Plus 8 gas per byte of log data
System Operations (0xF0 - 0xFF)
Opcode Hex Gas Stack Description CREATE 0xF0 32000* 3 → 1 Create contract CALL 0xF1 100* 7 → 1 Call contract CALLCODE 0xF2 100* 7 → 1 Call with own storage RETURN 0xF3 0 2 → 0 Return from call DELEGATECALL 0xF4 100* 6 → 1 Call keeping context CREATE2 0xF5 32000* 4 → 1 Create with salt STATICCALL 0xFA 100* 6 → 1 Read-only call REVERT 0xFD 0 2 → 0 Revert with data INVALID 0xFE all 0 → 0 Invalid instruction SELFDESTRUCT 0xFF 5000* 1 → 0 Destroy contract
Gas Calculation Examples
// Simple addition: 3 gas function add ( uint a , uint b ) public pure returns ( uint ) { return a + b; // ADD: 3 gas }
// Storage write: 20,000 gas (new) or 5,000 (update) function store ( uint x ) public { value = x; // SSTORE: 20,000 or 5,000 gas }
// External call: ~2,600 gas minimum function callOther ( address target ) public { target. call ( "" ); // CALL: 100 base + 2,500 cold access } Resources